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Summary
Summary
With an Introduction and Notes by Dinny Thorold, University of Westminster
Gaskell's last novel, widely considered her masterpiece, follows the fortunes of two families in nineteenth century rural England. At its core are family relationships - father, daughter and step-mother, father and sons, father and step-daughter - all tested and strained by the romantic entanglements that ensue.
Despite its underlying seriousness, the prevailing tone is one of comedy. Gaskell vividly portrays the world of the late 1820s and the forces of change within it, and her vision is always humane and progressive.
The story is full of acute observation and sympathetic character-study: the feudal squire clinging to old values, his naturalist son welcoming the new world of science, the local doctor and his scheming second wife, the two girls brought together by their parent's marriage...
Author Notes
Elizabeth Gaskell was born on September 29, 1810 to a Unitarian clergyman, who was also a civil servant and journalist. Her mother died when she was young, and she was brought up by her aunt in Knutsford, a small village that was the prototype for Cranford, Hollingford and the setting for numerous other short stories. In 1832, she married William Gaskell, a Unitarian clergyman in Manchester. She participated in his ministry and collaborated with him to write the poem Sketches among the Poor in 1837.
Our Society at Cranford was the first two chapters of Cranford and it appeared in Dickens' Household Words in 1851. Dickens liked it so much that he pressed Gaskell for more episodes, and she produced eight more of them between 1852 and 1853. She also wrote My Lady Ludlow and Lois the Witch, a novella that concerns the Salem witch trials. Wives and Daughters ran in Cornhill from August 1864 to January 1866. The final installment was never written but the ending was known and the novel exists now virtually complete. The story centers on a series of relationships between family groups in Hollingford. Most critics agree that her greatest achievement is the short novel Cousin Phillis.
Gaskell was also followed by controversy. In 1853, she offended many readers with Ruth, which explored seduction and illegitimacy that led the "fallen woman" into ostracism and inevitable prostitution. The novel presents the social conduct in a small community when tolerance and morality clash. Critics praised the novel's moral lessons but Gaskell's own congregation burned the book and it was banned in many libraries. In 1857, The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published. The biography was initially praised but angry protests came from some of the people it dealt with.
Gaskell was against any biographical notice of her being written during her lifetime. After her death on November 12, 1865, her family refused to make family letters or biographical data available.
(Bowker Author Biography)
Excerpts
Excerpts
From Amy M. King's Introduction to Wives and Daughters The novelist Henry James, in his review of Wives and Daughters (1866) written in the wake of Elizabeth Gaskell's death, praises Gaskell's "genius" and pronounces that the novel is "one of the very best novels of its kind" ("Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell," pp. 1019--1020; see "For Further Reading"). In the review, quoted above, James mingles praise with warnings to his imaginary readers that they might at first find the book dull, but that which was dull would soon enough prove to be the foundation of a strong investment in--even love for--the novel's heroine. James's mingled but nevertheless high praise seems to have emerged from his belief that although Gaskell's novels displayed "a minimum of head," describing her writing style this way was a compliment to Gaskell's "personal character," rather than an indictment of her "intellect." Whether one chooses on Gaskell's behalf to be affronted or flattered by James's review is less important, I would suggest, than parsing the review to better understand how Victorian novels known to be written by women were received by their readers. One thing we learn from James's review is that the register for praise (and not just criticism) is related to gender. Even though James thinks highly of Wives and Daughters , he cannot forget that it is written by a woman, and would likely not think to try--which may not so much detract from his reading of the novel as condition his reading of the novel. And so with James's emphasis on Gaskell's facility with "domestic facts," her adeptness with "minutiae," and her evocation of a reader's feelings rather than the promotion of understanding, each skill that is singled out is in some sense a stereotype of women's interests and talents. The praise, that is, emphasizes the author's femininity. James mentions the "gentle skill" Gaskell uses to slowly involve the reader "in the tissue of the story," her "lightness of touch," and the "delicacy of the handwork" she uses to perfect the "net" that ultimately entangles the reader in the novel. James's review may emphasize that the author is female, but, unlike our own contemporary obsession with the target demographics for various art forms--"chick-lit" and "chick-flicks," to name two current monikers--it does not assume or even believe that the audience of the novel is necessarily female. If anything, James projects a male reader, one who will feel what he calls an "almost fraternal relation" to the heroine Molly Gibson. Elizabeth Gaskell was, as Henry James allows, a "lady-novelist," but one who excites every "reader's very warmest admiration." Our contemporary concern for deemphasizing an author's gender when evaluating art, while often simultaneously emphasizing who is meant to consume it, was not shared by the mid-Victorians. James's review reflects this, as does the considerable attention Gaskell gave to what we now call the "packaging" of her first novel. Like her good friend Charlotte Brontë, Elizabeth Gaskell had sought a male pseudonym to use for her first novel, Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life (1848), even though her publisher had suggested that the novel would be more popular if it was known to be the work of "a lady" (Uglow, Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories , p. 183). The account that Jenny Uglow, one of Gaskell's biographers, gives of the publishing process suggests that Gaskell was invested in the commercial presentation of the novel; Uglow speculates that Gaskell "may have felt that a man's name (like the proposed title, "John Barton") would make the readers take the politics of the book more seriously." Gaskell agonized about the choice of the male pseudonym until she chose--too late--the name "Stephen Berwick" (Uglow, pp. 187--188). In the end, Mary Barton was published anonymously, but, having caused considerable controversy, the identity of its author was soon known and celebrated. Henceforth, Elizabeth Gaskell would publish her novels, if not quite in her own name, under her married appellation of "Mrs. Gaskell." To read Wives and Daughters today is to forget perhaps the extraordinary opportunity that writing fiction presented to Victorian women. The book trade during the period was a profoundly commercial enterprise. And unlike in earlier periods, the arts were divorced from either university ties or elite patronage, which particularly benefited women writers. Writing literature was one of the very few professional pursuits open to women in Victorian society. Elizabeth Gaskell was connected to a broad literary community of women, many of whom were her friends and some of whom she actively promoted with her own connections. This circle, which included Charlotte Brontë, Geraldine Jewsbury, Harriet Martineau, Anna Jameson, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Caroline Clive, reads like a list of the most popular and important female literary figures of the day. And yet it would be a mistake to assume that a novel such as Wives and Daughters is solely the province of the female reader. Our contemporary perspective might look to the title Wives and Daughters and think the book is directed to the female reader, even though the title was most likely influenced by Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev's Fathers and Sons (1862). The conventional assumption about novels, and romance plots and domestic narratives in particular, is that women make up their primary audience; indeed, the stereotype of the woman who reads too many novels, and becomes sick from "gorging" on too many delicious reads, originated in the eighteenth century and circulated widely in the Victorian period. And yet a host of descriptions, anecdotal evidence, figures from circulating libraries, and surveys about book ownership and reading habits suggest that men were as avid novel readers as women. And indeed what, exactly, in the novel marks it out for the female reader? As will become apparent as you read the novel and the following discussion, the work of Elizabeth Gaskell cannot be slotted into contemporary demographic readerships, but rather is inviting--as Henry James himself said--to anyone interested in an "'everyday story' . . . in an everyday style." Excerpted from Wives and Daughters by Elizabeth Gaskell All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.